a. define force, distance and work.

b. identify units of measure for force (newtons), distance (meters) and work (joules).

c. explain the relationship among force, distance and work.

d. use the formula W = F x d to calculate work done when lifting heavy objects.

1. Students explore the relationship between force and work. C12a, b, c, d “Doing Work,” Delta Science Module p. 13 (CINQ. 5, 6)
2. Students use W = F x d to calculate work C12d Science Court: Work and Simple Machines cooperative problem solving software (CINQ. 2, 5, 6, 9, 10)

a. explain that a simple machine is a tool that makes work easier.

b. identify examples of simple machines: inclined plane, pulley, lever, wedge, screw, wheel and axle.

c. observe the effects of friction and find one method to reduce friction.

d. define mechanical advantage.

e. explain how simple machines are used to create mechanical advantage.

1. Construct a lever and investigate the mechanical advantage by experimenting with the position of the fulcrum, load and effort. C13a, b, d, e “Levers” Delta Science Module p. 19
2. Investigate different types of levers: Class 1, 2, and 3 levers. C13a, b Foss Science Stories, Levers and Pulleys p. 5-6, 14 (CINQ. 2, 5, 10)
3. Observe variables that increase and decrease friction. C13c “Friction” Delta Science Module p. 25 (CINQ. 4, 5, 6, 9)
4. Construct a simple pulley and measure force required to lift an object with and without this simple machine. C12d, C13a, b, e “Pulley” Delta Science Module p. 65 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
5. Investigate different types of pulleys: fixed, moveable, compound. C13a, b, e Foss Science Stories, Levers and Pulleys pgs. 16-20, 23-32 (CINQ. 2, 10)
6. Measure the amount of force needed to do a given amount of work, with and without an inclined plane. C12d, C13a, b, e “Inclined Planes” Delta Science Module p. 71 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
7. Identify examples of simple machines found in the home. C13a, c, e “Domestic Simple Machines” Delta Science Module p. 91 (CINQ. 10) and “Applications” Stop Faking It! pgs. 56-58
8. Identify various simple machines and how they create mechanical advantage. C13b, e Science Court: Work and Simple Machines – collaborative group problem solving software
9. Performance task provided by SDE (tbd)

1. Investigate how wheels reduce the amount of force needed to move an object and calculate work. C13a, b, c, e “Inventing the Wheel” Delta Science Module p. 33 (CINQ. 5, 6, 9)
2. Build a model of a tractor to discover the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle. C13a, b, c, e “The Wheel and Axle” Delta Science Module p. 39 (CINQ. 3)
3. Investigate how friction will affect the distance a rotating object will travel. C13a, b, c “Tractor Traction” Delta Science Module p. 49 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
4. Examine the structure a special wheel called a gear and observe how gears interact to transfer force. C13a, b, e “Gears” Delta Science Module p. 57 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
5. Investigate how wedges make doing work easier. C12d, C13a, b, e “Wedges” Delta Science Module p. 77 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
6. Build a model of a screw and explain how screws make work easier. C13a, b, e “Screws” Delta Science Module p. 83 (CINQ. 3, 5, 6)
7. Identify simple machines in Rube Goldberg inventions. (See Appendix)

a. define energy as the ability to do work

b. explain that energy comes in many forms (mechanical, thermal, light, sound, electrical, chemical, nuclear).

c. compare two forms of mechanical energy: potential (stored) energy and kinetic energy (energy of motion).

d. explain how stored (potential) energy can be used to make objects move (by converting it to kinetic energy).

e. investigate where to find stored (potential) energy and how it’s used. (Ex: water=up and down saw mill, coal=steam trains, logs=heat in fireplace, food=energy for student to do work by moving something.)

1. Recognizing energy. C14a Activities and Questions pgs. 1-2 Stop Faking It! Energy
2. Investigate the relationship between speed and mass of an object and its kinetic energy. C14c, d Marbles, Ramps and Cups pgs. 6-10 Stop Faking It! (CINQ. 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10)
3. Investigate when potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. C14c, d “YoYo Activity” (See Appendix) from web site YoYos, Springs, and Elastic Toys: http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~dmollica/yoyos.html

• Simple Machines Delta Reader
• Levers and Pulleys Foss Science Stories
• Sciencesaurus: A Student Handbook (Grades 6-8)
• Text set on topic (collection of resources at different reading levels) National Geographic

• Delta Science Module SIMPLE MACHINES, Teacher Guide
• Stop Faking It! Energy , Robertson, NSTA Press (teacher resource)
• Technology: Science Court, Work and Simple Machines – Tom Snyder Productions
• 1 Computer/classroom with projection device and screen OR i-TView FOCUS adaptor to connect computer to TV monitor